What is an effect of long-term cortisol elevation in the body?

Long-term elevation of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands primarily during stress, can lead to various metabolic and physiological changes in the body. One significant effect of prolonged high cortisol levels is an increase in appetite, particularly for high-calorie and comfort foods. This can be attributed to cortisol's role in regulating energy balance and its impact on the brain's reward centers, which can lead to cravings.

Elevated cortisol levels can also affect insulin sensitivity and promote fat storage, contributing to weight gain, particularly in the abdominal area. This hormonal response is the body's attempt to cope with stress and is linked to protective mechanisms for survival, but it can have negative implications for overall health if sustained over a long period.

Other responses to elevated cortisol levels, such as decreased metabolism or reductions in muscle mass, are not consistent with the well-established effects of long-term stress and cortisol elevation. Instead, the tendency to increase appetite under such conditions is a crucial adaptive response that ultimately affects body composition and overall health.